One of the most intractable shortcomings within the DeFi ecosystem is the high transaction fees which result from an inability to scale. While 2020 was a bumper crop year for Ethereum, with its total value locked (TVL) soaring to US$ 40 billion, its popularity came at the expense of acute network congestion. This is particularly frustrating for the community precisely because one of the widely touted benefits of DeFi lies in having much more affordable transaction fees compared to the average traditional financial service.[2] In terms of legal risks, DeFi solutions often have diffused or unclear accountability, making it difficult to exercise supervisory and regulatory control over market participants, which may result in market misconduct such as wash trading, insider dealing and market manipulation.